Ethics and Leadership in Engineering Free Essays

Engineers play a significant part in the development, prosperity and safety of people around the globe. The primary role of engineers is to identify/sense and respond to a need by constructing or creating a solution with certain specific guidelines. While it is the responsibility of engineers to develop such structures, it is also their responsibility that their creation serves the function in a proper manner, take all safety precautions while making it and give the safety directions to the users after handing it over. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Leadership in Engineering or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discussion These structures, however, do not stay safe forever. No matter how safe a construction or a creation is, it reveals its failure after sometime. Eventually these failures lead to dire consequences some time. Engineers struggle all the time to avoid failures and make their solution safer and more efficient. Sometime mere lacking of professional ethics is the reason. In UK, the seriousness of ethical issues, which arise in professional lives of engineers, has been recognized recently. However, in USA this has been recognized for some time. Their universities offer substantial guidance and support to their professionals. The Royal Academy of Engineering, in 2005, initiated the process and brought its publishing in the form of â€Å"Statement of Ethical Principles†, which outlines the specific ways in which engineers across UK are committed to upholding certain ethical values. During the same time, UK Engineering Council amended its standards for chartered and incorporated engineers, in order to increase awareness of ethical issues. It appears that this has resulted in having a profound effect as many universities have incorporated ethical perspective in their studies. Professional Engineers strive to develop solutions that improve the health and safety conditions for the welfare of society. The statement of Ethical Principles sets standards for professional Engineers (Statement of Ethical Principles. 2005). It presents four principles that guide engineers in their professional duties. It includes Accuracy and Rigour, Honesty and Integrity, Respect for life, Law and the Public Good, and Responsible Leadership. Accuracy and Rigour means, Engineers have the responsibility to acquire and sustain the information relevant to their practices; they should also keep their knowledge up to date. It is also the responsibility to always act with care as their profession requires a strong commitment. They should only perform their services in the field of relevant competence. Since the technical knowledge, an Engineer can understand are not easy for the others, therefore, it is the duty of engineers to not knowingly mislead others as it can have dire consequences and therefore unethical. Honesty and Integrity means; engineers should act with high standards of professional ethics. They should not accept any bribery or questionable payment from anyone. They should act in the best interest of employer, unless it is not in conflict with rights of the other party. Respect for Life, Law and the Public Good, entails that engineers should be aware of relevant laws and regulations and should work accordingly. Conservation of nature and its resources should be a priority. They should act in the best manner that does not bring bad image to their profession. Responsible Leadership involves practicing high level of standards and leadership in the management of technology. Provide awareness to the public. Listen to the concern of the society. Adhering to these principles will bring good name to the profession and will make sure that it achieves what it is meant to be, welfare of society. However, we can have numerous examples from the past, of such negligence and improper conduct in this respected profession. In past successive accidents of railway occurred in UK, which were later fully investigated. These include the accident of Clapham Junction rail crash, on 12 December 1988. 35 people killed while 100 injured, when oncoming train ran into wreckage. Another on, 19 September 1997, Southall rail crash, killed 6 people and 150 injured. It occurred because of a collision with freight train. On 5 October 1999, Ladbroke Grove rail crash happened, when train passed the signal at danger and resulted in the head on collision, killed 21 while 523 injured. Investigation reports show that these could have been prevented by timely action of professional engineers. In America, a TV Antenna Tower collapsed in 1982, killing several people. Later investigation showed that safety measures were not taken as should have been (Uff, 2012, Pp13). Conclusion Engineering is a much respected profession. This respect demands responsibility. Adhering to rules but there arise ethical responsibilities too. However, if professional engineers stick to the four principles and apply them in their activities, it will surely add more value to this profession for sure. Running Head: leadership techniques Managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing. [Name of writer] [Name of institution] Managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing Thesis Statement â€Å"Managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing†. Introduction â€Å"Leaders create and change cultures, while managers and administrators live within them.† (Edward Schein) Managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing. Leader also sounds similar to the manager to the common man. But we know there are subtle differences. It takes a totally different approach to become a leader. These subtle differences create the difference that is visible in performances of organizations. There have been many theories on leadership and management. Talking about whether a manager is born or developed, what styles are of management exist and which is appropriate. Also, what a leader does, where his/her power comes from. First of all we will differentiate between a leader and a manager. Then we will discuss some models and theories related to it. Discussion The role of a manager is to achieve goals effectively and efficiently, by planning, organizing, co-ordinating and controlling. The importance of time is immense. On the other hand, leaders create and communicate a vision, then energise their followers towards achieving that vision. Leaders create a culture of shared values, beliefs and rituals to challenge the status quo. Managers use position authority to make subordinates work towards goals. While leaders motivate and inspire their followers to achieve their goals. Today the trait theory (born leaders) is criticized more. It is argued that even leadership has different styles, which are learned with experience rather than born traits (Daft, 2003, Pp.518). Ashridge Management College did research and found four major classifications of management styles. Tells, sells, consults, join. In tell style, the manager is autocratic, making a decision and imposing it on others. In sell style, manager still makes a decision on self like basis, but try to explain the logic behind it. In consult style, manager makes decision but in consultation with his/her subordinates. The most democratic style is join style, where manager himself becomes part of the team that makes joint decisions, and also claims the responsibility of that decision afterwards. Research indicates managers are generally thought to be having told or sell style. While employees prefer consult style. Choosing which style is more appropriate, depends on several factors. Contingency approach by Charles Handy suggests that four factors need to be understood to answer this question. The environment, task or people, trust or control, liking or respect (Schermerhorn 2012, Pp.266). Each particular combination of these factors results in a different situation and, therefore, requires a different tailored approach of management towards it (Robbins Judge, 2010, Pp.393). Michigan and Harvard identified two basic types of leaders. Task oriented and people or relation oriented leaders. Both have their own advantages and disadvantages. Ohio state research suggests that task orientation and people orientation can be achieved simultaneously; they are not mutually exclusive. Blake’s management grid proves this research by suggesting rather than asking a question that a manager should be task or people oriented; ask to what extent a manager should be task and people oriented (Daft, 2003, Pp.522). Managers and leaders differ in their approaches towards performing similar tasks. The approach of management is routine in nature. They like to work under conditions of certainty, strive to gain as much information as they gain, take relatively less risk. Leaders on the hand challenge the status quo. They talk about changing the culture and create followers with their motivation and persuasions skills. Leaders create a shared culture towards achieving the vision that followers own. Conclusion Who is best, a leader or manager is, however, a question depending on what needs to be accomplished. If it is a routine or not so dynamic environment, then decision tilts in favour towards manager. While if it involves dealing with changing and fluctuating situation with lots of risk involved then it will require the initiative approach of a leader. How to cite Ethics and Leadership in Engineering, Papers

Ethics and Leadership in Engineering Free Essays

Engineers play a significant part in the development, prosperity and safety of people around the globe. The primary role of engineers is to identify/sense and respond to a need by constructing or creating a solution with certain specific guidelines. While it is the responsibility of engineers to develop such structures, it is also their responsibility that their creation serves the function in a proper manner, take all safety precautions while making it and give the safety directions to the users after handing it over. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Leadership in Engineering or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discussion These structures, however, do not stay safe forever. No matter how safe a construction or a creation is, it reveals its failure after sometime. Eventually these failures lead to dire consequences some time. Engineers struggle all the time to avoid failures and make their solution safer and more efficient. Sometime mere lacking of professional ethics is the reason. In UK, the seriousness of ethical issues, which arise in professional lives of engineers, has been recognized recently. However, in USA this has been recognized for some time. Their universities offer substantial guidance and support to their professionals. The Royal Academy of Engineering, in 2005, initiated the process and brought its publishing in the form of â€Å"Statement of Ethical Principles†, which outlines the specific ways in which engineers across UK are committed to upholding certain ethical values. During the same time, UK Engineering Council amended its standards for chartered and incorporated engineers, in order to increase awareness of ethical issues. It appears that this has resulted in having a profound effect as many universities have incorporated ethical perspective in their studies. Professional Engineers strive to develop solutions that improve the health and safety conditions for the welfare of society. The statement of Ethical Principles sets standards for professional Engineers (Statement of Ethical Principles. 2005). It presents four principles that guide engineers in their professional duties. It includes Accuracy and Rigour, Honesty and Integrity, Respect for life, Law and the Public Good, and Responsible Leadership. Accuracy and Rigour means, Engineers have the responsibility to acquire and sustain the information relevant to their practices; they should also keep their knowledge up to date. It is also the responsibility to always act with care as their profession requires a strong commitment. They should only perform their services in the field of relevant competence. Since the technical knowledge, an Engineer can understand are not easy for the others, therefore, it is the duty of engineers to not knowingly mislead others as it can have dire consequences and therefore unethical. Honesty and Integrity means; engineers should act with high standards of professional ethics. They should not accept any bribery or questionable payment from anyone. They should act in the best interest of employer, unless it is not in conflict with rights of the other party. Respect for Life, Law and the Public Good, entails that engineers should be aware of relevant laws and regulations and should work accordingly. Conservation of nature and its resources should be a priority. They should act in the best manner that does not bring bad image to their profession. Responsible Leadership involves practicing high level of standards and leadership in the management of technology. Provide awareness to the public. Listen to the concern of the society. Adhering to these principles will bring good name to the profession and will make sure that it achieves what it is meant to be, welfare of society. However, we can have numerous examples from the past, of such negligence and improper conduct in this respected profession. In past successive accidents of railway occurred in UK, which were later fully investigated. These include the accident of Clapham Junction rail crash, on 12 December 1988. 35 people killed while 100 injured, when oncoming train ran into wreckage. Another on, 19 September 1997, Southall rail crash, killed 6 people and 150 injured. It occurred because of a collision with freight train. On 5 October 1999, Ladbroke Grove rail crash happened, when train passed the signal at danger and resulted in the head on collision, killed 21 while 523 injured. Investigation reports show that these could have been prevented by timely action of professional engineers. In America, a TV Antenna Tower collapsed in 1982, killing several people. Later investigation showed that safety measures were not taken as should have been (Uff, 2012, Pp13). Conclusion Engineering is a much respected profession. This respect demands responsibility. Adhering to rules but there arise ethical responsibilities too. However, if professional engineers stick to the four principles and apply them in their activities, it will surely add more value to this profession for sure. Running Head: leadership techniques Managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing. [Name of writer] [Name of institution] Managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing Thesis Statement â€Å"Managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing†. Introduction â€Å"Leaders create and change cultures, while managers and administrators live within them.† (Edward Schein) Managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing. Leader also sounds similar to the manager to the common man. But we know there are subtle differences. It takes a totally different approach to become a leader. These subtle differences create the difference that is visible in performances of organizations. There have been many theories on leadership and management. Talking about whether a manager is born or developed, what styles are of management exist and which is appropriate. Also, what a leader does, where his/her power comes from. First of all we will differentiate between a leader and a manager. Then we will discuss some models and theories related to it. Discussion The role of a manager is to achieve goals effectively and efficiently, by planning, organizing, co-ordinating and controlling. The importance of time is immense. On the other hand, leaders create and communicate a vision, then energise their followers towards achieving that vision. Leaders create a culture of shared values, beliefs and rituals to challenge the status quo. Managers use position authority to make subordinates work towards goals. While leaders motivate and inspire their followers to achieve their goals. Today the trait theory (born leaders) is criticized more. It is argued that even leadership has different styles, which are learned with experience rather than born traits (Daft, 2003, Pp.518). Ashridge Management College did research and found four major classifications of management styles. Tells, sells, consults, join. In tell style, the manager is autocratic, making a decision and imposing it on others. In sell style, manager still makes a decision on self like basis, but try to explain the logic behind it. In consult style, manager makes decision but in consultation with his/her subordinates. The most democratic style is join style, where manager himself becomes part of the team that makes joint decisions, and also claims the responsibility of that decision afterwards. Research indicates managers are generally thought to be having told or sell style. While employees prefer consult style. Choosing which style is more appropriate, depends on several factors. Contingency approach by Charles Handy suggests that four factors need to be understood to answer this question. The environment, task or people, trust or control, liking or respect (Schermerhorn 2012, Pp.266). Each particular combination of these factors results in a different situation and, therefore, requires a different tailored approach of management towards it (Robbins Judge, 2010, Pp.393). Michigan and Harvard identified two basic types of leaders. Task oriented and people or relation oriented leaders. Both have their own advantages and disadvantages. Ohio state research suggests that task orientation and people orientation can be achieved simultaneously; they are not mutually exclusive. Blake’s management grid proves this research by suggesting rather than asking a question that a manager should be task or people oriented; ask to what extent a manager should be task and people oriented (Daft, 2003, Pp.522). Managers and leaders differ in their approaches towards performing similar tasks. The approach of management is routine in nature. They like to work under conditions of certainty, strive to gain as much information as they gain, take relatively less risk. Leaders on the hand challenge the status quo. They talk about changing the culture and create followers with their motivation and persuasions skills. Leaders create a shared culture towards achieving the vision that followers own. Conclusion Who is best, a leader or manager is, however, a question depending on what needs to be accomplished. If it is a routine or not so dynamic environment, then decision tilts in favour towards manager. While if it involves dealing with changing and fluctuating situation with lots of risk involved then it will require the initiative approach of a leader. How to cite Ethics and Leadership in Engineering, Papers

Plants Religion Essay Sample free essay sample

Santeria is an Afro-Cuban faith that stems from the Yoruba religion which originated in southwesterly Nigeria ; it besides finds many inspirations from West African neighbours that portion similar patterns and beliefs ( Brandon 1991:55 ) . Afro-Cuban faiths frequently provide a alone mixture of traditional African faiths intermixed with a few Christian or Catholic beliefs. This mixture is a direct consequence of the African Diaspora that saw African slaves being taken to the West Indies and elsewhere by European Masterss. who so exposed them to Christian faiths and facets. This led to the creative activity of assorted faiths that are frequently found in Cuba and other states. Santeria is one of those faiths. Traditional African faiths frequently found workss to be rather utile for both medical and ritual intents. an facet that carries over to the Santeria religion every bit good. â€Å"Plants play an of import function in Santeria ritual. whether in communal ceremonials. the more private sphere or healing rites. We will write a custom essay sample on Plants Religion Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page or individualistic patterns of thaumaturgy. witchery. and sorcery† ( Brandon 1991:59 ) . In this paper. the usage of workss in Santeria will be detailed. every bit good as the grounds behind their usage in assorted rites and imposts related to the Afro-Cuban faith. The function of workss in Santerian spiritual ceremonials is typically one of healing and forfeit. as workss are tied to the Gods that the Santeria worship. Santeria stems from many alone and signature facets of Yoruba. including many of its cardinal facets â€Å"Yoruba traditions of divination. forfeit. ceremonial spirit ownership. and mending remain of import in contemporary Santeria† ( Brandon 1991:56 ) . Orishas are the many liquors that are thought to brood in the following universe and in this 1. and the priests who act as religious leaders are the olorisha. Religious ownership is thought to be common and a typical account for alterations in personality every bit good as child to major medical jobs. Harmonizing to surveies. â€Å"Practitioners may impute disease. upseting life events and bad fortune to factors such as a person’s envidia ( enviousness ) . mal de ojo ( evil oculus ) the belief that certain persons can bring down bad lucks through their regard. or. in rare instances. hechiceria ( witchery ) † ( Potterf 2006:88 ) . These alone factors can all lend to the assorted unwellnesss and bad events experien ced by those practising Santeria. In order to rectify their complaints. Santeria rites must be performed. The olorisha. or priest. would piece the fold to garner around person who was thought to be possessed by an orisha. or person who was sing divination. Plant mixtures created for the intent of a ritual are typically called ozains or omeiros. These are mixtures of workss whose intent is to â€Å"cleanse. refresh. and prepare persons and objects for contact with the orisha or Santos. the divinities of Santeria† ( Brandon 1991:60 ) . During these rites. offerings of sacrificial blood. fruit. and valuables are presented to the orishas or Santos. as a agency of deriving their favour. This is done in order to ease the organic structure and fix it for a ownership by an orisha. Through this consensual ownership. the orisha is thought to mend the individual who is sick ( Olupona A ; Rey 2008 ) . Despojos are the common term for Santeria cleansing rites. which typically remove harmful liquors from the organic struct ure. and absorb the bad liquors and their influences into fume. H2O. or an object. Plants are typically used in the smoke procedure. where the steam of the fume sloughs out the bad liquors. fuming them. Often. several different methods of cleansing. including brushing the individual with a broom made of spiritually important subdivisions. weeds or branchlets of flowers. are utilised to cleanse the organic structure of unfortunate ownerships. Plants and herbs are called egwe in Lucumi. the basal linguistic communication from which the Santeria spoken linguistic communication is derived. These workss â€Å"are thought to hold the power to assist human existences lead healthful and abundant lives† ( Brandon 1991:58 ) . Ache is the unaccountable. supernatural power that is emitted from these workss. which is utilized through ritual and medicative usage by the Santeria to better their wellness. These workss are mixed together by the Santeros. each of whom â€Å"is a competent herb doctor who can bring around practically every disease with an herbal brew or project a enormous enchantment with a few leaves† ( Gonzalez-Wippler 1994:22 ) . The importance of workss to Santeria rites leads to the confidant cognition each Santero has with their medical and spiritual utilizations. which is borne of necessity. Each unique works has its ain personality and degree of godly power. Depending on the flower. they may wilt more easy. or remain strong throughout the twelvemonth. The biological activities of these flowers are attributed to personality traits. and a limp flower will simply be determined as ‘shy’ until the following clip they are enlivened by sunshine. The accent on works growth is that egwes must be found wild. they can non be cultivated or their curative powers. their aching. will be lost ( Brandon 1991 ) . Plants and herbs are chiefly used for common people redresss. as antecedently mentioned. but ritual utilizations are another main public-service corporation for them. Assorted types of workss are used for different intents. The primary intents of Santeria works use are medical. ritual. and a combination of the two. Medical utilizations for these workss in Santeria communities trade with peculiar wellness jobs. such as GI issues or respiratory troubles ( Brandon 1991 ) . There is a works for about every type of wellness job imaginable in the Santeria canon of herbology and ethnobotany. but primary focal points are on the female generative system. There are redresss for abortion. for birthrate. and even cut downing placenta during childbearing and preventives. There is a really strong tie between the wellness of a Santero or Santera and the workss they use as common people redresss. Not merely are the workss used for communal worship and healing patterns. they were besides used to guard off black magic and witchery. Amulets made from workss. which were called resguardos. are placed around the house of a Santero to guarantee that no evil witchery comes into their place and messes up their good luck. Plants are besides intricately used to contend witchery and exorcize it from people who have already endured it. Oppressing. boiling. or devouring assorted workss are meant to clean a individual or place in a religious sense. and take and bad influences that are vibrating over them due to sorcery ( Brandon 1991 ) . In medical usage. olorishas would administrate these drugs to their followings in order to supply homeopathic redresss and nil more. Examples of these include irabiri. which is a series of barks and roots which are used to handle bladder issues. every bit good as acidosis. Chauko is meant to take the effects of poisoning from intoxicant. Agebeye is for tired and annoyed eyes. every bit good as other complaints ( Brandon 1991:69 ) . Plants used for both medical and ritual usage include kotonlo or Ewe ofi. which are used in omeiros. These rites see these workss used as a dentifrice intended to take out potassium bitartrate in the dentition. It is besides used for disquieted bowels and liver. Liniddi is used for despejos and lustral baths. meant to handle contagious febrilities and rheumatism. It was besides used as an abortion assistance ( Brandon 1991 ) . â€Å"Cuban herb doctors use Pluchea Carolinensis ( Salvia ) to handle stomach aches. concerns. megrims. and as a Haemostatic† ( Hodges 2006:80 ) . When a works is non thought to hold a direct method of intervention. their supernatural powers are relied upon â€Å"those workss that do non assist through some pharmacological efficaciousness are thought to assist through the efficaciousness of their charming powers† ( Brandon 1991:58 ) . There are some workss that are simply used as portion of a ritual. and have no primary or secondary medical public-service corporation. Ewereyey. or cupa. is used in both good and bad thaumaturgy. The foliages represent good rites. but witchcraft uses the seeds in order to execute black magic. Obi goora nut is used for induction rites to go an olorisha. every bit good as divination. Tabate defends against witchery through weaving the works into a cross in their room access ( Brandon 1991:72-73 ) . The beginnings of these workss are merely every bit much a merchandise of the Diaspora as the beginning of Santeria. â€Å"some cultivated workss were brought by Africans to the New World during the slave trade. † which provides an account of the analogues between works species used between the Caribbean and Africa. including calcium hydroxides. wild liquorice and Castor bean ( Brandon 1991:65 ) . Despite this fact. many workss used in Santeria were found in the New World natively. taking to a dramatic version of these plant-based rites to the flora found in Cuba. At the same clip. most of these workss were given Lucumi/Santeria names. stemming back to an African-based understanding and familial connexion. It is theorized that this was due to a demand for the Santeria to do extra links to Africa and keep farther ties ( Brandon 1991 ) . The staccato nature of the existent beginning of the workss and their African ascriptions by the Santeria is declarative of the importance they play in the faith itself as the usage of workss is purely an African pattern that carries over to this Afro-Cuban religion. it makes sense that the works traditional knowledge would stay entirely African. The workss themselves do non deduce their names from the African tradition. but it can non be said that the Santeras who were brought to America from Africa lost their traditional faith due to the African-based herbs and workss that made up their worship. through the simple fact that they still exist ( Brandon 1991 ) . The hereafter of works use in Santeria is unsure. if non parlous. â€Å"Knowledge of the belongingss and utilizations of workss is every bit of import to the Santera as cognition of rites and vocals. but usage of this cognition is hampered by the deficiency of many of the plants† ( Brandon:67 ) . There are alone geographical and climate differences in the United States that are doing it harder to turn workss such as the ozainista. which is used as a divination tool. The out-migration of Santeras into the United States from Cuba is besides taking to a decrease of Santerian traditions staying in usage. including plant-based rites. Surveies have shown that Haitian migrators and their posterities are even happening problem turn uping their plant-based redresss in certain states of Cuba ( Volpato et al. 2009 ) . This places the hereafter of traditional ethnobotany in all Afro-Cuban faiths and civilizations. including Santeria. in danger of extinction. The continued commixture and modernisation of Western civilization is easy prima to the decease of this plant-based homeopathic pattern. There are many Santeros now who choose to travel to physicians and take prescribed medicine to bring around their ailments. but will still utilize the workss for ritualistic intents ( Olupona A ; Rey 2008 ) . In this manner. Santeria is decreasing as a wellness bringing system. where one time it was a mighty resource for both Santeros and non-Santeros to have effectual. homeopathic intervention ( Iglesias A ; Iglesias 2006 ) . Regardless of the eventual destiny of Santeria medical specialty. it can non be denied that many of the homeopathic redresss found by common people civilizations such as this Afro-Cuban faith create the footing for modern. scientifically examined and created medicines. Due to the established efficaciousness of many of these workss. it allows for a more specific get downing point from which to work in making executable. wides pread medicines that can assist many who would non utilize them in a traditional Santeria spiritual ceremonial. Not merely are these workss used in religious rites and for medicative intents. they were cosmetic â€Å"seeds were frequently used to do jewellery and organic structure decoration. and they often served as beads in necklaces and watchbands for the carpuss and ankles† ( Brandon 1991:65 ) . Of class. these decorations besides carried spiritual overtones. as foliages. beads. and the orisha ozain were inextricably linked symbolically. binding this act of ornament with a religious pattern. The usage of these workss for many different intents makes it clear that the workss are tied to the assorted orishas that control actions. fortune and luck among the Santeria people. Whether they are used for medicative or ritual intent. the thought is to bind the biological and the natural facets of place with the religious by taking control of the natural forces that surround them. and utilizing the workss that are linked to the pertinent orisha. it is possible to exorcize orisha. heal unwellnesss. and facilitate rites. It is likely that the usage of workss even in the New World is merely every bit of import. if non more so. in Santeria than it is for their Yoruba predecessors given their forced resettlement during the clip of the African Diaspora. it is of import for the Santeria people to hold some kind of tie to their fatherland. In this instance. it is in the signifier of the usage of workss for their rites and medical specialties. Bibliography Brandon. G. ( 1991 ) . The utilizations of workss in mending in an Afro-Cuban faith. Santeria. Journal ofBlack Studies. 22 ( 1 ) : 55-76.Gonzalez-Wippler. M. ( 1994 ) . Santeria: the faith. religion. rites. thaumaturgy. Llewellyn Worldwide.The book Santeria: The Religion. Faith. Rites. MagicIglesias. A. . A ; Iglesias. A. ( 2006 ) . Hypnosis meets Santeria: A instancestudy. European Journal ofClinical Hypnosis. 6 ( 4 ) : 41-16.Hodges. Stephen. ( 2006 ) . The Ethnobotany of Pluchea Carolinensis G. Don ( Asteraceae ) in the Botanicas of Miami. Florida Economic Botany Vol. 60. No. 1 ( Spring. 2006 ) . pp. 75-84 Olupona. J. K. A ; Rey. T. ( 2008 ) . devotedness as universe faith: The globalisation of Yoruba spiritual civilization. University of Wisconsin Press: Milwaukee. Potterf. T. ( 2006 ) . The Future of Health in Cuba. in Cuba in Transition? Ed. Font. M. A. NewYork: Graduate Center. 83-94.

Cytoplasm - Definition and Function

Cytoplasm - Definition and Function Cytoplasm consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell. It is clear in color and has a gel-like appearance. Cytoplasm is composed mainly of water but also contains enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules. Cytoplasm Functions The cytoplasm functions to support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules. Many cellular processes also occur in the cytoplasm. Some of these processes include protein synthesis, the first stage of cellular respiration (known as glycolysis), mitosis, and meiosis. In addition, the cytoplasm helps to move materials, such as hormones, around the cell and also dissolves cellular waste. Divisions The cytoplasm can be divided into two primary parts: the endoplasm (endo-,-plasm) and ectoplasm (ecto-,-plasm). The endoplasm is the central area of the cytoplasm that contains the organelles. The ectoplasm is the more gel-like peripheral portion of the cytoplasm of a cell. Components Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaeans, do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. In these cells, the cytoplasm consists of all of the contents of the cell inside the plasma membrane. In eukaryotic cells, such as plant and animal cells, the cytoplasm consists of three main components. They are the cytosol, organelles, and various particles and granules called cytoplasmic inclusions. Cytosol: The cytosol is the semis of organelles include mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, lysosomes, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Also located within the cytoplasm is the cytoskeleton, a network of fibers that help the cell maintain its shape and provide support for organelles.Cytoplasmic Inclusions: Cytoplasmic inclusions are particles that are temporarily suspended in the cytoplasm. Inclusions consist of macromolecules and granules. Three types of inclusions found in the cytoplasm are secretory inclusions, nutritive inclusions, and pigment granules. Examples of secretory inclusions are proteins, enzymes, and acids. Glycogen (glucose storage molecule) and lipids are examples of nutritive inclusions. Melanin found in skin cells is an example of a pigment granule inclusion. Cytoplasmic Streaming Cytoplasmic streaming, or cyclosis, is a process by which substances are circulated within a cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs in a number of cell types including plant cells, amoeba, protozoa, and fungi. Cytoplasmic movement may be influenced by several factors including the presence of certain chemicals, hormones, or changes in light or temperature. Plants employ cyclosis to shuttle chloroplasts to areas receiving the most available sunlight. Chloroplasts are the plant organelles responsible for photosynthesis and require light for the process. In protists, such as amoeba and slime molds, cytoplasmic streaming is used for locomotion. Temporary extensions of the cytoplasm known as pseudopodia are generated that are valuable for movement and capturing food. Cytoplasmic streaming is also required for cell division as the cytoplasm must be distributed among daughter cells formed in mitosis and meiosis. Cell Membrane The cell membrane or plasma membrane is the structure that keeps cytoplasm from spilling out of a cell. This membrane is composed of phospholipids, which form a lipid bilayer that separates the contents of a cell from the extracellular fluid. The lipid bilayer is semi-permeable, meaning that only certain molecules are able to diffuse across the membrane to enter or exit the cell. Extracellular fluid, proteins, lipids, and other molecules may be added to a cells cytoplasm by endocytosis. In this process, molecules and extracellular fluid are internalized as the membrane turns inward forming a vesicle. The vesicle encloses the fluid and molecules and buds off from the cell membrane forming an endosome. The endosome moves within the cell to deliver its contents to their appropriate destinations. Substances are removed from the cytoplasm by exocytosis. In this process, vesicles budding from Golgi bodies fuse with the cell membrane expelling their contents from the cell. The cell membrane also provides structural support for a cell by serving as a stable platform for the attachment of the cytoskeleton and cell wall (in plants). Sources: â€Å"Cytoplasmic inclusions.† The Free Dictionary, Farlex, medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cytoplasmic inclusions. â€Å"Ectoplasm.† The Free Dictionary, Farlex, medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ectoplasm.â€Å"Endoplasm.† The Free Dictionary, Farlex, medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/endoplasm.Goldstein, Raymond E., and Jan-Willem van de Meent. â€Å"A physical perspective on cytoplasmic streaming.† Interface Focus, The Royal Society, 6 Aug. 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590424/.

Do Some Research on Fact-Checking

Do Some Research on Fact-Checking Do Some Research on Fact-Checking Do Some Research on Fact-Checking By Mark Nichol Do you want to be a magazine writer? I know it’s a highly competitive profession, but I’ve got two words for you (and a bonus hyphen): fact-checking. What’s that? Fact-checking is an entry-level profession in the magazine industry that can lead to staff or freelance writing opportunities. Fact-checkers are responsible for verifying every quantifiable piece of information in an article: spelling of names and entities such as companies, institutions, and organizations; names of products and services; dates of birth, incorporation, and publication; prices and profits; and more so much more. Sound tedious? It can be, but it is also excellent training for reporters and writers: not only do fact-checkers (also called research editors) vet article content, they also often help writers with background research. Once you put in a couple of years as a staff or contract fact-checker, you’ve got a leg up on many other writers when it comes to turning in meticulously researched articles not to mention getting a crash course in reporting by doing preliminary work for more experienced writers and fact-checking numerous articles. Fact-checkers are often given brief writing assignments or are even promoted to junior writing positions, but the career ladder doesn’t stop there: Onetime fact-checkers include CNN newsman Anderson Cooper, novelist Jay McInerney, and former Harper’s editor Roger Hodge. Not every magazine has staff or freelance fact-checkers by that name; sometimes, interns or junior editors fill the role as part of their job duties, or copy editors do at least rudimentary fact-checking. Other publications, with fewer resources, trust writers to get their facts straight. Most newspapers don’t have the time or the budget for this stage, though the German daily Der Spiegel is a notable exception: It employs dozens of fact-checkers. Publications began employing fact-checkers less than a hundred years ago (the New Yorker, one of the first magazines to do so, even verifies facts in the poetry it publishes), and the profession isn’t going anywhere; even with the revolution in access to information engendered by the Internet, it’s still a vital function. And thanks to online research, it’s much easier to accomplish, though it still requires rigorous attention to detail. If you’ve tried in vain to break into magazine writing, either as a staff writer or a freelancer, you might want to consider applying to become a fact-checker. You’ll be starting out on the ground floor, but that means you’ll be the foundation of a publication’s reputation for veracity, and if you have what it takes, you’ll likely be noticed and rewarded. And though you’re not guaranteed a promotion, the job is often a stepping stone to work for other publications. But don’t take my word for it: Do some fact-checking. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who†15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their SynonymsEmpathic or Empathetic?

Health & Illness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health & Illness - Assignment Example he health inequalities in Britain have grown to be viewed as a norm so that there is a big difference in the mortality and morbidity levels between upper social classes (the rich) and lower social classes who are the poor (Health Knowledge, 2011). In measuring the health inequalities it is necessary that we look at their causes. Determinants as age, sex, genetics, income, personal behavior, and social networks tend to affect health. In measuring inequalities we mainly have to draw focus on health socioeconomic determinants as income and housing. Morbidity is said to be a proportion of a particular disease in a given geographical area. As life expectancy increase in the UK, focus has been drifted towards prevalence of chronic illnesses which impact on the usage of health facilities. Wales has the lowest healthy life expectancy for all genders compared to England and all other parts of the UK (Hawe, 2008, pp. 5). Acording to Hawe (2008), the statistics stand at 65.6 years for males and 68.7years for females in 2003, compared to 67.6 (males) and 70.1 (females) years in the UK as a whole. Hawes table bellow shows statistical evidence: From the statistical evidence above we can draw analysis that that the health inequality depicted is due to poverty of the lower social class especially in most parts of Wales."People in affluent areas will likely live eight years longer than those in deprived parts of the North of England and South Wales." (Moore, 2015). We can then conclude that the more poor the geographical locality the more prevalent health illnesses. Mortality is being subject to death and its rate is the measure of number of deaths in a population. According to Mathews & Gardiner (2002, pp. 244), health and the risks of premature deaths are brought about by socio-economic factors throught life. The inequalities in imortalities in adulthood are widening more than in childhood due to poor cocioeconomic circumstances. Socioeconomic positions are highly associated

Leadership as privilege Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership as privilege - Essay Example (Zapke-Schauer, 2005) Definition of leadership is not an easy subject. There are many things that have to be taken into consideration if someone tries to comprehend the actual structure of leadership. The pattern of leadership varies from person to person and, moreover, this pattern becomes clear when a leader passes through problematic situations. It is his/her moves, which define the pattern of leadership. The pattern also decides the direction in which the organization will be moving. And, obviously, the matter of success is entirely based on it. (Northouse, 2006) Leadership is a topic, which may be found discussed in books, journals and other places where the critics talk about it. But, actually, it is a matter of practical experience. Popularity of leadership as a topic has mainly been caused by the development of some major companies in the world under some valuable leadership. Literature is a field where leadership has always been praised. It is considered as a great human activity in this field. In this article my point is to judge leadership in a business oriented field. Management is quite clearly related to leadership from this point of view. But there are some differences between these two and sometimes there is also a conflict between them. Many of us have a wrong conception of what leadership is. That is why making big assertions about it goes completely in the wrong direction when a person is even not aware of what his topic is. Executive manager is a position of any company, which is wrongly taken to be the post of a leader of th e organization. Leadership never means any designation. It can be seen in anyone starting from a manager to a labor. Vision is the main thing, which establishes a leader, and with this ability he/she can guide the others in the organization. (MacNamara, 2008; Nurmi, Kaynak, and Darling, 1997) To state it in a very simple way, leader is the person who can influence the others present in the organization. Everyone has his/her own opinions but the leader is the person who decides the final step. This privilege is given to him/her as the person has proved the success earlier. To understand how a leader shows the way to an organization and motivates the other people, we shall take the example of Warren Buffet, the world famous businessman. We shall discuss how he guided Berkshire Hathaway to the company's huge success. Warren Buffet the great businessman was born on 30th August 1930 in Nebraska, USA. His father was a stockbroker and may be this had a great influence on Buffet's interests. Columbia Business School was where Buffet had his education. After many struggle he established himself as the greatest investor the world has ever seen. His relationship with Berkshire Hathaway began in the year 1962 when he commenced buying stock in this company. Today, along with the company's growth, Berkshire Hathaway has also made Buffet the richest man in the world crossing even the records made by none other than Bill Gates. Mary Buffet, Warren's daughter-in-law says that patience and wisdom are the keys to success for him. (Clark, 2007) Oliver Chace was the founder of Berkshire Hathaway and the company came into existence in the year 1839. The main reason why Warren Buffet is remembered in the scenario of Berkshire Hathaway is his strategy of investment and a great leadership in directing the company as a CEO. Many of the